Define Negative Correlation

1. Measurement of radioactivity:-

Radioactivity is the phenomenon of spontaneous emission of particles or energy from atomic nuclei. It can be measured using various techniques, including:

• Geiger counter: This is a device that detects and measures ionizing radiation. It consists of a gas-filled tube with a wire at its center. When ionizing radiation enters the tube, it ionizes the gas molecules, producing electrons that are attracted to the wire. The resulting current is amplified and counted.

• Scintillation detector: This is a device that detects ionizing radiation by using a scintillator material, which emits light when excited by radiation. The light is detected by a photomultiplier tube, which amplifies and counts the signal.

• Ionization chamber: This is a device that measures the number of ion pairs produced in a gas when it is exposed to ionizing radiation. The ion pairs are collected by electrodes and measured as a current.

• Liquid scintillation counter: This is a device that detects and measures ionizing radiation by using a liquid scintillator, which emits light when excited by radiation. The radiation is detected by a photomultiplier tube, which amplifies and counts the signal.

2. History of Indian Pharmacopoeia:-

The Indian Pharmacopoeia is a book containing standards for drugs and pharmaceuticals in India. It is published by the Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, an autonomous body under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. Here are some key milestones in the history of the Indian Pharmacopoeia:

• The first edition of the Indian Pharmacopoeia was published in 1955.

• The second edition was published in 1966.

• The third edition was published in 1985.

• The fourth edition was published in 1996.

• The fifth edition was published in 2007.

• The sixth edition was published in 2010.

• The seventh edition was published in 2014.

• The eighth edition was published in 2018.

The Indian Pharmacopoeia is revised every ten years to incorporate the latest scientific knowledge and technological advancements in the field of pharmaceuticals. It contains standards for the quality, purity, and strength of drugs and pharmaceuticals that are manufactured, imported, or sold in India. The standards are intended to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs and pharmaceuticals and to protect public health.